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Wednesday, January 26, 2011

MUSCLE BUILDING STRATEGIES

Untapped Target 1 – High Frequency Lifting
The reason it works: If you could train a muscle group 50 times a year or 150 times a year, which would get you better results?  150 - assuming you are recovered before the next stimulus on the muscle.
How to make it work: train each body part with up to 3-4 workouts per week.  But you must manipulate the weights, exercises and rep ranges. You will not lift heavy weights 3 days in the week all on the same muscle group or else the joints and nervous system would be overtaxed.
Methods you can experiment with: An example is training a body part 3 times in a week, while incorporating a heavy day, medium day and a light day; using all different exercises, sets and reps. Here's an example using chest:
On Monday you do a power day of 4 sets of 6-8 reps, 2 minutes with bench press. On Wednesday you have a hypertrophy day of 3 sets of 8-10 reps, 90 seconds rest with Incline Dumbbell Press.  On Friday you do an endurance day of 2 sets of 25, with 30 seconds rest, for Decline Chest Flyes.
Untapped Target 2 – Positions of Flexion Training
The reason it works: hit each muscle group from three different angles each workout.
How to make it work: For your first exercise you hit the bulk of the muscle fibers with a mid-range mass-builder exercise, which would be a multi- joint/compound movement. Shoulder Presses, Bench Press, Squatting and Deadlifting are all perfect examples.
Your second exercise would target the muscle from a stretched position – a very vulnerable angle that forces a lot of untapped fiber recruitment. An incline bicep curl is a great example.
Your third exercise you select a peak- contraction exercise, which challenges the muscle to contract against resistance. This further helps activate every single muscle fiber without over fatiguing or over killing specific movements of a muscle (a very common mistake). A tricep kickback is a great example of a peak contraction exercise.
Methods you can experiment with: When you split up your body- parts, I see very little reason to incorporate more than 3 exercises per body part. Each body part should have a mid-range movement, a stretch movement and a contraction movement to maximize all the muscle fibers and prevent overtraining. A killer bicep workout would only include standing barbell curls, incline bicep curls and concentration curls.
Positions Of Flexion is the most sensible way to organize your exercise choices instead of the shotgun way of just picking a multitude of exercises for a body part without any specific reason.
Untapped Target 3 – Significant Amounts of Unilateral Lifting
The reason it works: it’s harder for the body to recruit the growth muscle fibers during bilateral movements than during unilateral exercises. Beginners often hit a plateau because of an inefficient nervous system so they can’t recruit the high threshold growth fibers. People with longer limbs experience the same difficulty in recruiting their high threshold motor units.
How to make it work: incorporate 3-week training blocks of pure unilateral (one arm or one leg at a time) movements to better recruit the nervous system and ultimately improve the recruitment of the high threshold motor units when returning to bilateral movements.
Methods you can experiment with: Don’t drop all of your bilateral work and use this method sparingly, especially if you’re not a beginner or have shorter limbs. Here are unilateral exercises to target each side independently or alternatively: alternating lunge, 1 leg-curl, 1-leg deadlift, 1-leg squat, step ups, 1-leg hop, 1-leg press, 1-leg stiff leg deadlift, 1-leg back extension.
Better training and regular inclusion of unilateral training will optimize bilateral training and maximize the high threshold motor units for growth.
 
Important:
Click here for more crazy muscle building tips... and check out Vince's insane muscle building program. I've trained with Vince personally, and the guy knows his stuff!

get ripped absIf you want lean six pack abs, go here to learn how to lose ugly stomach fat 

Thursday, January 20, 2011

FAT-BURNING WITH IDEAL AND DELICIOUS FOOD

Some people may call these "healthy snacks", but I prefer to consider them meals because they should be similar in size to your breakfasts, lunches, and dinners, if you want to spread your calorie intake out over the full day to "graze" so to speak.
After all, I'm sure it's no secret by now that eating 5-6 small meals per day is a much better strategy for getting lean compared to the traditional "3 squares" a day (which for most people, turns into only 2 big meals/day as many skip breakfast).
The problem that I see most people having is being prepared enough to bring healthy mid-meals with them to work for the day. If you don't plan ahead,  and bring something healthy and balanced with you when you're out and about for the day, or at work, you're going to end up choosing the junk food at the vending machine or corner store.
So here are some of my favorite natural foods based mid-meals that I've used for years with great success and that lots of my clients love too. I want to keep things simple here, so I'm just gonna give a couple of my easiest, quickest, and healthiest...
Quick, healthy mid-meal ideas to keep you lean:
  • Apple or other fruit with almond butter
  • Hummus with carrot sticks or sliced red/yellow/orange peppers
  • Guacamole with carrot sticks or sliced red/yellow/orange peppers  
  • Ricotta cheese (grass-fed if possible) mixed with cocoa powder, stevia, and vanilla extract (delicious high protein, low carb snack!) 
  • Cottage cheese mixed with yogurt, berries, and walnuts or pecans 
  • A couple hard boiled eggs with carrot and celery sticks and hummus (roasted red pepper hummus is my favorite)
  • Celery sticks with organic peanut butter or almond butter (a classic quick snack)
  • My famous healthy chocolate FUDGE recipe
  • Foods that make you fatAvocado slices wrapped in deli turkey breast (one of my favorite quick snacks)
  • A piece of sprouted grain toast (sprouted grain preferred nutritionally over "whole grain") with nut butter and berries 
  • Fresh sliced pineapple with a handful of macadamia nuts 
  • a bowl of blueberries mixed with raw almonds
  • my quick and healthy fat-burning chocolate pudding recipe
  • Cottage cheese with cinnamon, apple slices, and walnuts (mmm, mmm good)
That should give you some ideas to start working with.  Now you have ZERO EXCUSES for resorting to junk food snacks on the road or at the office, when you have all of the delicious and healthy fat-burning snack ideas right here! 

Saturday, January 15, 2011

HOW TO INCREASE YOUR GROWTH HORMONE & TESTOSTERONE

2 Exercise "Tricks" to Increase Growth Hormone & Testosterone
Increase the "youth hormone", burn body fat faster, and build more lean muscle with these tips
by Mike Geary, Certified Nutrition Specialist, Certified Personal Trainer
Author:  
The Truth about Six-Pack Abs

I'm sure you know that 2 of the most important hormones for both burning body fat and also building lean muscle are growth hormone (GH) and testosterone (T)... and there are certain "tricks" that you can use during exercise to maximize production in your body.
And keep in mind that GH is also called the "youth hormone", so there are benefits besides just fat loss and lean muscle development.
Now let me clarify, this topic might seem to be more relevant to men (especially when it comes to Testosterone), but it's also important to the ladies for getting maximum results from training...
For the ladies reading this...don't worry about exercise-induced small increases in these hormones...the amount of T in the female body is so small compared to men that minor increases won't lead to any "masculinization" (I just made that word up)... instead it just helps get a leaner and more shapely body.
Ok, this topic could be long-winded, but I'm going to give just a couple really quick tips today for maximizing Growth Hormone and Testosterone response from exercise...
From a lot of the research I've done, there seems to be a couple distinct types of training that can either help increase T or help increase GH, and they are different training methods.
In order to reduce your body fat as much as possible, as well as build lean muscle the easiest, you need to try to maximize BOTH!
Here's how...
First, for exercise-induced Testosterone increases...
From a lot of the various research I've read, one of the best methods to increase T is to do at least some portion of your training in very low rep ranges and very heavy weight.
This means training in the 2-5 rep range, with such heavy weights that you can't physically do more reps than that range.  Also, this only works with the biggest multi-joint exercises such as barbell squats, deadlifts, bench press and weighted pullups.  No silly side lateral raises or tricep extensions when you're trying to get a Testosterone response!
An example of this type of structure would be 5 sets of 3 reps on the barbell deadlift, squat, or bench.  Alternating sets of deadlifts and bench press (or squats alternated with weighted pullups) separated by at least 2 minutes of rest between sets works well to accomplish this super heavy lifting style and subsequent T increase.
It's basically the aspect of challenging your body with super heavy weights and low rep ranges, with 2-3 minutes rest between sets that helps to maximize T production.
From what I've observed at most gyms, almost NOBODY trains in this rep range (most people seem to always train in the 8-12 or higher rep ranges), so there are a TON of people that could see Testosterone improvements by incorporating this into their training at least once or twice a week.
Keep in mind that this super heavy style of training is ONLY for advanced trainees that have years of training experience with weights.

Now, let's talk about exercise induced Growth Hormone increases...
From the research I've read on this hormone, it appears that more explosive styles of training, and also higher rep training with shorter rest periods helps to increase GH response.
Wind sprints are one of the top exercises for inducing a GH increase. I like to do these as 60 to 100 yard all-out sprints across a local soccer field or football field.  Generally, I'll do about 8-12 total sprints with about 60 seconds rest time in between each one for a good 20 minute workout.  If you haven't done sprints in a long time or are out of shape, it's a good idea to not go to "all-out" intensity for the first couple weeks or you'll risk injury.  Also, just doing 3-4 sprints for the first couple of sprint workouts is a good idea to reduce injury risk.
Also, hill sprints are an exceptional exercise for GH response.  I like to sprint as fast and as hard as possible up a 30 yard hill and then walk down... and then keep repeating until I've done at least 10-20 hill sprints. Sometimes I'll mix in pushups in between hill sprints to maximize the full body effect.
As for weight training, from the research I've read, GH increase comes best from higher rep ranges with short rest periods between sets.  This means that supersets in the 8-15 rep range per exercise with no rest between might work well. The weight still needs to be heavy enough to challenge your muscles close to failure at those rep ranges.
Another type of training that seems to increase GH is more "explosive" types of exercises such as squat jumps, lunge jumps, or something like barbell power cleans or barbell clean and press.  Any exercise that works large muscle groups explosively or almost the entire body at once in an explosive fashion seems to stimulate GH (hence why I chose barbell clean and press as one of the best).
I also think double kettlebell snatches are one of the most intense exercises ever invented and probably have a huge effect on growth hormone due to their explosive and intense nature.
So with all of this said, it's important to keep in mind that for the best results with maximizing both T and GH, you want to incorporate BOTH of these styles of training.
One way to do this is to have 1 or 2 workouts per week that are designated low-rep "strength" days where you work those big multi joint lifts in low rep ranges.  And then on another 1-2 days per week you work on the explosive exercises, higher rep ranges and short rest periods, and/or the wind sprints or hill sprints.
And lastly, always remember to consciously think in your mind about how the exercises that you're doing are actually increasing your fat burning and muscle building hormones, making you feel younger, etc, etc... I've talked in several other articles about actual PROOF of how using the power of conscious thought in your mind can help bring about those changes in your body (aka placebo effect).
I hope you enjoyed this article... I really think if you incorporate these tips into your workout schedule, you can drastically improve your hormonal response to exercise and therefore see faster fat burning and muscle building effects!

Friday, December 31, 2010

HAPPY NEW YEAR

It is the time when we ring out the old year and welcome the present year with open arms, with eyes filled with new dreams and hearts replete with new expectations.No hand in this world can make the clock strike for us  the hours that we are passed and all the treasures of earth cannot bring back one our late moment.So what had happened to us through out the year is already history...forget the past and welcome to our future.May 2011 will bring us happiness as it should be...

Monday, December 27, 2010

BODY BUILDING

Tips to Build Bigger Arms




Do more heavy squats and deadlifts!
Yes, I know this sounds crazy since squats and deadlifts don't directly work your arms (except for the grip and forearm strength needed to deadlift heavy weights)... but it's true that regularly performing heavy squats and deadlifts can indirectly help to make your arms bigger and stronger.
The reason is that heavy squatting and/or deadlifting forces the body to release muscle building hormones such as testosterone and growth hormone depending on the resistance level, rep range, rest period, etc. 
Generally, heavy weights, lower reps, and longer rest periods stimulate testosterone release, whereas moderate weights, higher rep ranges, and shorter rest periods help to stimulate Growth Hormone release.  Therefore, combining both styles of training into your routines on either different days of the week or different cycles, can help to maximize both of these important muscle building hormones.
2.  Try my arm-blasting, hormone-maximizing combo sets!
In theory, I think this style of combo I'm going to show you can work well to stimulate some new growth in your arms if you've been stuck at a plateau.  In practice, I've actually SEEN it produce results!
My technique involves combining a heavy squat or deadlift (in a very heavy weight and low rep range) with a single-joint exercise for the biceps or triceps (in a higher-rep "pump" style fashion).
So here are 2 ways this could work in separate workouts for example:
Alternating sets (exercise 1a, rest 30-60 seconds, exercise 1b, rest 30-60 seconds, repeat for all sets)
1a. Barbell back squats -- heavy challenging weight - 5 sets of 3-4 reps/set
1b. Barbell or dumbbell curls (or any bicep single-joint exercise) -- 5 sets of 12-15 reps/set; going for "pump"
So you can see how this unusual style of supersetting (or rather, alternating sets), actually combines a testosterone stimulating full body exercise done at a heavy weight with a single joint (isolation) exercise that has the intention of creating more of a bodybuilding "pump".
The other reason this style of alternating sets works is that the single-joint exercise is almost like an "active rest" while your entire body and CNS recovers from the demands of doing heavy, heavy squats.
The same style can work with deadlifts combined with a triceps exercise...  for example:
1a. Barbell deadlifts -- heavy challenging weight - 5 sets of 3-4 reps/set
1b. Triceps single-joint exercise (lying dumbbell extensions, cable pressdowns, etc) -- 5 sets of 12-15 reps/set; going for "pump"
Again, this seems like an unusual combo for alternating sets, but actually works out quite well, because after deadlifting very heavy weights, performing a high rep "pump" exercise for the triceps is a welcome relief for your body and your mind to help recover and get ready for the next set of heavy deads.
3.  Food, food, food!
Remember that the title of this article meant that your goal was to add more muscle SIZE to your arms, and in order to add muscle to your body, you need to be in a slight caloric surplus. 
Ok... so the first 2 tips might have been a little unusual, but this one should be obvious.
Although it IS possible for some people (especially beginners) to add muscle mass while reducing calories below their maintenance levels, it is extremely hard for any type of hardgainer to build any muscle at all if your calories aren't high enough.  Remember, we weren't talking about a fat loss routine here... we were talking about gaining muscle and getting bigger arms... so that is going to require some extra calories above your maintenance.
Don't go crazy and think this means eating tons of junk food... you should still stick to clean healthy foods. 
I wouldn't obsess over exact ratios of carbs, protein, or fats either... your body needs all 3 for different reasons... protein as the building blocks of muscle; carbs for muscle glycogen, energy during the workouts, and insulin response post-workout; and healthy fats to help maximize your muscle building hormones.
This is more than just about arms and pecs though... if you're dedicated to building a ripped, strong, powerful body from head to toe, I HIGHLY recommend my good friend and colleague Vinny D's program here:
Hope you enjoyed the article and have fun with the training!

 Five major bodybuilding mistakes that you may be making


1. Bodybuilding supplements are almost a complete waste of your hard-earned money!

First of all, many supplement companies are dishonest and have extremely over-hyped "muscle building" products that claim you'll gain insane amounts of muscle in just a matter of weeks... almost all of these claims are unfounded and unproven.

I'll show you in a minute how there are some hidden natural foods that will help you gain muscle much better and safer than any of these hyped up bodybuilding supplements.


2. Most bodybuilding workouts that you read about in magazines and on online forums are a complete waste of your time.

They make you think that getting a "muscle burn", a "muscle pump", or doing dozens of sets of single-joint exercises are going to give you massive muscles like you see in the pictures.  Not true!  This only works for genetic freaks or muscleheads using steriods... not for average "hardgainers" like you.

If you want to gain muscle in the smartest method possible, you need a more effective training style suited to your body and your metabolism. I'll show you the best techniques to achieve faster muscle gain in a minute.


3. Most "Muscle Magazines" are owned by supplement companies... their main goal in these magazines is to sell you expensive and bogus supplements that won't help you gain muscle any faster (but they will drain your wallet fast!). 
With the info on my muscle building website below, you get no biased information, since I don't sell supplements.


4. Stop training like a professional bodybuilder!  Routines that are typically done by professional bodybuilders do NOT help the average guy (a hardgainer like yourself) to build muscle.

The fact is that professional bodybuilders many times are using steroids and other drugs to enhance their physique and are also genetically gifted for building muscle on almost any type of routine.  But their methods will NOT work for ahardgainer like you!


5. True muscle mass is NOT built on typical gym "machines".  The truth is that most exercise machines are far inferior to free weight exercises, bodyweight exercises, and some other unique workout methods that I'll explain more in a minute.


How To Build Muscle Fast: 41 Ways to Gain 41 Pounds Of Rock-Solid Lean Muscle Mass in 6 Months

By Vince DelMonte - Author of No-Nonsense Muscle Building

This article will give you at least 41 tips and ideas for gaining more muscle and getting more ripped than you can imagine.
Muscle building expert Vince DelMonte has helped over 20,000 skinny guys and consults with fitness experts all around the world on the most critical and supporting elements to build muscle mass and to experience consistent muscle growth.
In this article, Vince unmasks his own secrets that he used for building 41 pounds of steel-solid muscle in only six months – without any drugs or steroids, without bogus supplements, and while training less total hours than before.
In just weeks, you can make the same life-changing transformation.  Find out his advanced muscle building strategies on how to build muscle, fast!
Whether you approach your physique as a hobby or a job, you should not leave any element to chance and hope it works.  In order to defeat plateaus and forge a ripped and muscular body you need all the tips and tricks you can get.  None of these techniques will work alone but by combining as many together as possible you’ll see a huge difference in your muscle growth – faster than before.
1. Begin with 3 full body weight training workouts every 48-hours.
2. Take your body weight in pounds and multiply it by 15 to determine your daily caloric intake if you want to gain weight.

3. Perform only 1 exercise per body part each full-body workout but perform a different exercise for each body part every workout.  By the end of the week you’ll have hit each muscle group three times from three different angles.

4. Consume carbohydrates in a 2:1 ratio to protein after your workout in liquid form (a good post workout shake).

5. Perform each set to muscular failure.

6. Use a training journal and track your progress.

7. Drink at least 4-6 liters of water each day.

8. Vary your rep and set schemes more frequently than any other training variable.

9. Focus on exploding up on the concentric portion of your movement and taking 3-4 seconds for the eccentric portion of your program.

10. Aim to build at least 5-6 pounds of lean muscle mass each month.  Anything more will be fat gain.

11. Eat at least 10-15 serving of fruits and vegetables each day.  Some veggies can even fight abdominal fat

12. Focus on compound movements for 80% of your workouts.

13. Alternate between dumbbells and barbells every 2 weeks.

14. Only change an exercise when you plateau on two workouts in a row.

15. Enter a fitness model or bodybuilding show or transformation contest to keep you motivated.

16. Follow a program for at least 12-16 weeks before trying your next one.

17. Pyramiding your sets to consistently increase your strength 5% each week.

18. Consume a variety of whole eggs, chicken, lean beef, fish and whole-milk throughout the day for high quality (bioavailable) muscle building protein.

19. Use a training partner for motivation and an extra push to experience faster muscular growth.

20. Never train hungry if you want to build muscle fast.

21. Concentrate your carbohydrates when your body needs them most – breakfast, pre workout and post workout.

22. Ensure you do the squat and the deadlift each week to increase the release of growth hormone and testosterone.

23. Hire a personal trainer if you have never received professional coaching on technique and form.

24. Stretch at least half the amount of time that you lift.  If you lift 3 hours a week, schedule at least 1.5 hours of yoga or static stretching. 

25. Train a muscle group through it’s entire range of motion to stimulate muscle size.

26. Use a 3-day a week 20-minute interval cardio plan, post-workout, to maximize the muscle to fat ratio while bulking.

27. Train your most underdeveloped muscle group first in each workout.

28. Avoid processed food, packaged food and fast food.

29. Avoid protein bars and any muscle building supplement that has sucrulose, aspartame, or other artificial or natural sweeteners. 

30. Get at least 8-hours of uninterrupted sleep each night.

31. Don’t be afraid to overload your muscles with maximal resistance and miss your goal reps.

32. Consume a combination of olive oil, fish oil (or the more powerful Krill Oil), coconut oil, mixed nuts and natural peanut butter or almond butter each day to make sure you get ample healthy fats for testosterone and other muscle building hormone production.

33. Take a complete week off after 12-16 weeks of training.

34. Get a spotter to help you with your heaviest set.

35. Have a training program.  Never go to the gym without a plan.

36. Perform 5-10 minutes of dynamic stretching before each weight training workout.

37. Schedule regular ART-therapy or massage therapy to avoid injuries.

38. Cold shower after every intense weight training workout.  It sucks, but it works. Some studies show increased muscle recovery from this technique.

39. Eat at least 1 gram of protein per pound of lean body mass each day.

40. The core of your workout should revolve around the major multi-joint lifts: squats, deadlifts, rows, presses, pull ups, dips and weighted core work. 

41. Train with someone bigger and stronger than you. You'll be challenged and motivated to work out harder.
get a muscular chestClick here to start building lean ripped muscle mass the right way


OR

get ripped muscular absClick here to learn the secrets of getting ripped chiseled six pack abs












Thursday, December 23, 2010

SISTEM ENDROKINA

Pengenalan


Sistem endrokina ialah satu sistem badan yang terdiri daripada kelenjar yang merembeskan hormon. Hormon merangsang proses jangka panjang seperti pertumbuhan, metabolisme, pembiakan dan pertahanan badan. Semua hormon adalah berasaskan kepada asid amino atau steroid.

Hormon


Ciri-ciri hormon
Hormon ialah bahan kimia yang disintesis oleh sel-sel hidup. Hormon dirembes ke dalam darah dan diangkut oleh sistem peredaran darah ke organ sasaran yang terletak jauh daripada tempat hormon itu disintesis. Walaupun dalam jumlah yang sedikit, hormon berupaya untuk mempercepatkan atau memperlahankan
sesuatu fungsi biologi.

 Kelenjar-Kelenjar Endokrina

 Kelenjar Pituitari

Kelenjar pituitari terletak di bawah hipotalamus. Antara hormon hormon yang dirembeskan ialah hormon tumbesaran (growth hormone). Hormon tumbesaran ialah hormon bagi metabolisme umum. Tindakan hormon ini adalah seperti berikut:
(a) mempercepatkan kadar pertumbuhan tubuh.
(b) merangsang pengambilan asid amino oleh sel bagi mensintesis protein.
(c) merangsang penguraian lemak untuk tenaga. Cara ini memelihara homeostasis gula dalam darah dengan  
     menyimpan glukosa.
Kekurangan atau lebihan rembesan hormon ini membawa kepada pembentukan tubuh yang tidak normal. Kekerdilan tubuh berpunca daripada kurangnya rembesan hormon ini sementara kegergasian dan “acromegaly” pula disebabkan oleh rembesan hormon yang berlebihan.


Kelenjar Tiroid

Kelenjar tiroid terletak dibahagian bawah kerongkong dan di hadapan halkum. Kelenjar ini menghasilkan hormon tiroksin, triiodotaironin dan kalsitonin. Hormon tiroid adalah hormon yang utama bagi metabolisme. Selain daripada mengawal kadar pengoksidan glukosa semua sel, hormon ini juga penting untuk tumbesaran dan perkembangan secara normal tisu-tisu khususnya sistem pembiakan dan sistem saraf. Hormon kalsitonin pula merangsang penyimpanan kalsium pada tulang-tulang. Kekurangan iodin mengganggu pembentukan hormon tiroksin dan ini menyebabkan berlakunya beguk. Kekurangan tiroksin pada kanakkanak
menyebabkan “kretisme” iaitu keadaan individu yang mempunyai kaki lebih pendek berbanding badan, cacat akal, berkulit kering dan berambut nipis. Bagi orang dewasa pula, kekurangan tiroksin menyebabkan kelembapan pergerakan dan mental, bengkak pada muka, kelesuan, suhu badan yang rendah dan kegemukan. Masalah cacat akal tidak berlaku pada orang dewasa. Lebihan tiroksin menyebabkan peningkatan kadar denyutan jantung, kadar metabolisma yang tinggi, tidak tahan dengan suhu panas dan
kegelisahan. Kekurangan kalsitonin pula menyumbang kepada osteoporosis.



Kelenjar Adrenal

Kelenjar adrenal terletak di atas ginjal. Kelenjar ini terbahagi kepada adrenal korteks dan adrenal medulla. Adrenal korteks merembaskan hormon glukokortikoid, mineralokortikoid dan androgen (kuantiti kecil). Glukokortikoid merangsang pertambahan glukosa dalam darah dan penyimpanan glikogen dalam hepar. Adrenal medula pula merembeskan hormon epinefrin dan norepinefrin. Epinefrin dan norepinefrin meningkatkan kandungan glukosa dalam darah, meningkatkan aktiviti metabolik dan menjerut salur-salur darah tertentu.

Kekurangan glukokortikoid dan mineralokortikoid boleh menyebabkan penyakit Addison (simptom kehilangan elektrolit dan bendalir tubuh, tekanan darah rendah, hipoglisemia). Kehilangan selera makan dan pertambahan pigmentasi. Lebihan glukokortikoid menyebabkan penyakit cushing (simptom tangan dan kaki
membesar, luka lambat sembuh, muka bulat, tekanan darah tinggi, kurang pembentukan antibodi, hiperglisemia dan lemah otot). Lebihan androgen daripada adrenal korteks menyebabkan sindrom adrenogenital (simptom baligh lebih awal dan genital yang membesar pada kanak-kanak, pembentukan tret lelaki pada wanita dewasa).


Pankreas
Pankreas terletak berhampiran dengan perut. Pada pankreas terdapat kelenjar endokrina yang dikenali sebagai kumpulan pankreatik (pancreatic islets). Kumpulan pankreatik ini menghasilkan
hormon insulin dan glukagon. Perembesan insulin dirangsang oleh aras glukosa yang tinggi dalam
darah. Insulin bertindak ke atas semua sel tubuh dengan meningkatkan keupayaan sel-sel untuk menerima glukosa. Melalui tindakan ini, aras glukosa dalam darah dapat dikurangkan.
Glukagon pula dirangsang oleh aras glukosa yang rendah dalam darah. Glukagon merangsang penguraian glikogen yang tersimpan di dalam hepar kepada glukosa dan membebaskan glukosa ini ke
dalam darah. Lebihan insulin akan menyebabkan hipoglisemia, sementara kekurangan atau ketiadaan insulin pula boleh menyebabkan diabetis mellitus. Lebihan atau kekurangan glukagon pula tidak menyebabkan
gangguan atau masalah kesihatan yang serius.